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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">.NET Framework</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the newer cross-platform framework, see <a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a>. For other uses, see <a href=".net_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title=".net (disambiguation)">.net (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">.NET Framework</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">.NET Framework component stack</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">February 13, 2002<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2002-02-13</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">4.8.1

/ August 9, 2022<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2022-08-09</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> or later, <a href="Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> or later</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, and <a href="ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Included with</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mixed; see <a href="#Licensing">§ Licensing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com/">dotnet<wbr>.microsoft<wbr>.com</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>.NET Framework</b> (pronounced as "<i>dot net</i>") is a proprietary <a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">software framework</a> developed by <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> that runs primarily on <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>. It was the predominant implementation of the <a href="Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a> (CLI) until being superseded by the cross-platform <a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> project. It includes a large <a href="Class_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Class library">class library</a> called <a href="Framework_Class_Library" title="Framework Class Library">Framework Class Library</a> (FCL) and provides <a href="Language_interoperability" title="Language interoperability">language interoperability</a> (each language can use code written in other languages) across several <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>. Programs written for .NET Framework execute in a <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> environment (in contrast to a <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> environment) named the <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a> (CLR). The CLR is an <a href="Process_virtual_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Process virtual machine">application virtual machine</a> that provides services such as security, <a href="Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>, and <a href="Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>. As such, computer code written using .NET Framework is called "<a href="Managed_code" title="Managed code">managed code</a>". FCL and CLR together constitute the .NET Framework.

</p><p>FCL provides the <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>, <a href="Data_access" title="Data access">data access</a>, <a href="Database_connection" title="Database connection">database connectivity</a>, <a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>, <a href="Web_application" title="Web application">web application</a> development, numeric <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a>, and <a href="Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">network communications</a>. Programmers produce software by combining their <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> with the .NET Framework and other libraries. The framework is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Microsoft also produces an <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> for .NET software called <a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a>.

</p><p>.NET Framework began as <a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>, although the firm worked to <a href="Software_standard" title="Software standard">standardize</a> the software stack almost immediately, even before its first release. Despite the standardization efforts, developers, mainly those in the <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> communities, expressed their unease with the selected terms and the prospects of any free and open-source implementation, especially regarding <a href="Software_patent" title="Software patent">software patents</a>. Since then, Microsoft has changed .NET development to more closely follow a contemporary model of a community-developed software project, including issuing an update to its patent promising to address the concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In April 2019, Microsoft released .NET Framework 4.8, the last major version of the framework as a proprietary offering, followed by .NET Framework 4.8.1 in August 2022. Only monthly security and reliability <a href="Software_bug" title="Software bug">bug</a> fixes to that version have been released since then. No further changes to that version are planned. The .NET Framework will continue to be included with future releases of Windows and continue to receive security updates, with no plans to remove it as of July 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href=".NET_Framework_version_history" title=".NET Framework version history">.NET Framework version history</a></div>

<p>Microsoft began developing .NET Framework in the late 1990s, originally under the name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS), as part of the <a href=".NET_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET strategy">.NET strategy</a>. By early 2000, the first beta versions of .NET 1.0 were released.

</p><p>In August 2000, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> worked to standardize <a href="Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a> (CLI) and <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>. By December 2001, both were ratified <a href="Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">by ECMA</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ecma-334_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecma-334-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) followed in April 2003. The current version of ISO standards are ISO/IEC 23271:2012 and ISO/IEC 23270:2006.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While Microsoft and their partners hold patents for CLI and C#, ECMA and ISO require that all patents essential to implementation be made available under "<a href="Reasonable_and_non-discriminatory_licensing" title="Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing">reasonable and non-discriminatory terms</a>". The firms agreed to meet these terms, and to make the patents available royalty-free. However, this did not apply to the part of the .NET Framework not covered by ECMA-ISO standards, which included <a href="Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a>, <a href="ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a>, and <a href="ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a>. Patents that Microsoft holds in these areas may have deterred non-Microsoft implementations of the full framework.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> is the first client version of Windows that integrated the .NET Framework.

</p><p>On October 3, 2007, Microsoft announced that the <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> for .NET Framework 3.5 libraries was to become available under the <a href="Microsoft_Reference_Source_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Reference Source License">Microsoft Reference Source License</a> (Ms-RSL<sup id="cite_ref-Ms-RSL-dab_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ms-RSL-dab-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-sourcerelease_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcerelease-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source code repository became available online on January 16, 2008, and included BCL, ASP.NET, ADO.NET, Windows Forms, WPF, and XML. <a href="Scott_Guthrie" title="Scott Guthrie">Scott Guthrie</a> of Microsoft promised that LINQ, WCF, and WF libraries were being added.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href=".NET_Compact_Framework" title=".NET Compact Framework">.NET Compact Framework</a> and <a href=".NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a> variants of the .NET Framework provided support for other Microsoft platforms such as <a href="Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>, <a href="Windows_CE" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a> and other resource-constrained embedded devices. <a href="Silverlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverlight">Silverlight</a> provided support for <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> via plug-ins.

</p>

<p>In November 2014, Microsoft also produced an update to its patent grants, which further extends the scope beyond its prior pledges. Prior projects like <a href="Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a> existed in a legal <a href="Loophole" title="Loophole">gray area</a> because Microsoft's earlier grants applied only to the technology in "covered specifications", including strictly the 4th editions each of ECMA-334 and ECMA-335. The new patent promise, however, places no ceiling on the specification version, and even extends to any .NET runtime technologies documented on MSDN that have not been formally specified by the ECMA group, if a project chooses to implement them. This allows Mono and other projects to maintain feature parity with modern .NET features that have been introduced since the 4th edition was published without being at risk of patent litigation over the implementation of those features. The new grant does maintain the restriction that any implementation must maintain minimum compliance with the mandatory parts of the CLI specification.<sup id="cite_ref-dotnet-patent-promise_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dotnet-patent-promise-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On March 31, 2016, Microsoft announced at <a href="Build_(developer_conference)" class="mw-redirect" title="Build (developer conference)">Microsoft Build</a> that they will completely <a href="Software_relicensing" title="Software relicensing">relicense</a> Mono under an <a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> even in scenarios where formerly a commercial license was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft also supplemented its prior patent promise for Mono, stating that they will not assert any "applicable patents" against parties that are "using, selling, offering for sale, importing, or distributing Mono."<sup id="cite_ref-Ferraira1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferraira1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_PP_Mono_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_PP_Mono-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was announced that the Mono Project was contributed to the .NET Foundation. These developments followed the acquisition of <a href="Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a>, which began in February 2016 and was finished on March 18, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Microsoft's press release highlights that the cross-platform commitment now allows for a fully open-source, modern server-side .NET stack.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft released the source code for WPF, Windows Forms and <a href="WinUI" class="mw-redirect" title="WinUI">WinUI</a> on December 4, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-ms-wpf-winforms-oss_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms-wpf-winforms-oss-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_Language_Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></div>

<p>Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) provides a language-neutral platform for application development and execution. By implementing the core aspects of .NET Framework within the scope of CLI, these functions will not be tied to one language but will be available across the many languages supported by the framework.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_Language_Runtime">Common Language Runtime</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a></div>

<p>.NET Framework includes the Common Language Runtime (CLR). It serves as the execution engine of .NET Framework and offers many services such as <a href="Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>, <a href="Type_safety" title="Type safety">type safety</a>, <a href="Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>, <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>, security and <a href="Thread_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread management">thread management</a>. All programs written for .NET Framework are executed by the CLR.

</p><p>Programs written for .NET Framework are compiled into <a href="Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">Common Intermediate Language code</a> (CIL), as opposed to being directly compiled into <a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a>. During execution, an architecture-specific <a href="Just-in-time_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-in-time compiler">just-in-time compiler</a> (JIT) turns the <a href="Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">CIL code</a> into machine code.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assemblies">Assemblies</h3></div>

<p>Compiled CLI code is stored in <a href="Assembly_(CLI)" title="Assembly (CLI)">CLI assemblies</a>. As mandated by the specification, assemblies are stored in <a href="Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">Portable Executable</a> (PE) file format, common on Windows platform for all <i><a href="Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">dynamic-link library</a></i> (DLL) and <i>executable</i> <a href="EXE" class="mw-redirect" title="EXE">EXE</a> files. Each assembly consists of one or more files, one of which must contain a manifest bearing the <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> for the assembly. The complete name of an assembly (not to be confused with the file name on disk) contains its simple text name, version number, culture, and <a href="Public_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key">public key</a> token. Assemblies are considered equivalent if they share the same complete name.

</p><p>A private key can also be used by the creator of the assembly for <a href="Strong_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong name">strong naming</a>. The public key token determines the real-world identity of the assembly's signer. Only those knowing their private key (of the double-key cryptography system) can sign assemblies that have the same strong name as a prior version assembly. Strong naming is required to add assemblies to <a href="Global_Assembly_Cache" title="Global Assembly Cache">Global Assembly Cache</a>.

</p><p>Starting with Visual Studio 2015, .NET Native compilation technology allows for the compilation of .NET code of <a href="Universal_Windows_Platform_apps" title="Universal Windows Platform apps">Universal Windows Platform apps</a> directly to machine code rather than CIL code, but the app must be written in either C# or Visual Basic.NET.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_library">Class library</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Framework_Class_Library" title="Framework Class Library">Framework Class Library</a></div>

<p>.NET Framework includes an implementation of the CLI foundational <a href="Standard_Libraries_(CLI)" title="Standard Libraries (CLI)">Standard Libraries</a>. The .NET Framework Class Library (FCL) is organized in a hierarchy of <a href="Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaces</a>. Most of the built-in <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> (APIs) are part of either <code>System.*</code> or <code>Microsoft.*</code> namespaces. These class libraries implement many common functions, such as file reading and writing, graphic rendering, database interaction, and XML document manipulation. The class libraries are available for all <a href="List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">CLI compliant languages</a>. The FCL implements the CLI <a href="Base_Class_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Base Class Library">Base Class Library</a> (BCL) and other class libraries—some are specified by CLI and others are Microsoft specific.

</p><p>BCL includes a small subset of the entire class library and is the core set of classes that serve as the basic <a href="API" title="API">API</a> of CLR.<sup id="cite_ref-bcllibs_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcllibs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For .NET Framework most classes considered being part of BCL reside in <code>mscorlib.dll</code>, <code>System.dll</code> and <code>System.Core.dll</code>. BCL classes are available in .NET Framework as well as in CLI's alternative implementations, including <a href=".NET_Compact_Framework" title=".NET Compact Framework">.NET Compact Framework</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Microsoft Silverlight</a>, <a href=".NET_Core" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET Core">.NET Core</a> and <a href="Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a>.

</p><p>FCL refers to the entire class library that ships with .NET Framework. It includes BCL, an expanded set of libraries, including <a href="Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a>, <a href="ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a>, and <a href="Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a> (WPF), and also extensions to the base class libraries <a href="ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a>, <a href="Language_Integrated_Query" title="Language Integrated Query">Language Integrated Query</a> (LINQ), <a href="Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a> (WCF), and <a href="Workflow_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Workflow Foundation">Workflow Foundation</a> (WF). FCL is much larger in scope than standard libraries for languages like <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, and comparable in scope to <a href="Java_Class_Library" title="Java Class Library">standard libraries of Java</a>.

</p><p>With the introduction of alternative CLI's implementations (e.g., Silverlight), Microsoft introduced the concept of Portable Class Libraries (PCL) allowing a consuming library to run on more than one implementation. With the further proliferation of implementations, the PCL approach failed to scale (PCLs are defined intersections of API surface between two or more implementations).<sup id="cite_ref-netstandard_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netstandard-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the next evolutionary step of PCL, the .NET Standard Library was created retroactively based on the <code>System.Runtime.dll</code> based APIs found in UWP and Silverlight. New CLI's implementations are encouraged to implement a version of the Standard Library allowing them to run existent third-party libraries with no need of creating new versions of them. The .NET Standard Library allows an independent evolution of the library and app model layers within the .NET architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-appmodels_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appmodels-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a> is the package manager for all .NET platforms. It is used to retrieve third-party libraries into a .NET project with a global library feed at NuGet.org.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private feeds can be maintained separately, e.g., by a build server or a file system directory.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></div>

<p>Microsoft introduced <a href="C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a> in <a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> 2005, which is a language and means of compiling <a href="Visual_C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual C++">Visual C++</a> programs to run within the .NET Framework. Some parts of the C++ program still run within an unmanaged <a href="Visual_C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual C++">Visual C++</a> Runtime, while specially modified parts are translated into <a href="Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">CIL code</a> and run with the .NET Framework's <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">CLR</a>.

</p><p>Assemblies compiled using the C++/CLI compiler are termed mixed-mode assemblies since they contain native and managed code in the same DLL.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such assemblies are more complex to reverse engineer since .NET <a href="Decompilers" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompilers">decompilers</a> such as <a href=".NET_Reflector" title=".NET Reflector">.NET Reflector</a> reveal only the managed code.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_principles">Design principles</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interoperability">Interoperability</h3></div>

<p>Because computer systems commonly require interaction between newer and older applications, .NET Framework provides means to access functions implemented in newer and older programs that execute outside .NET environment. Access to <a href="Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">Component Object Model</a> (COM) components is provided in <code>System.Runtime.InteropServices</code> and <code>System.EnterpriseServices</code> namespaces of the framework. Access to other functions is via <a href="Platform_Invocation_Services" title="Platform Invocation Services">Platform Invocation Services</a> (P/Invoke). Access to .NET functions from native applications is via the reverse P/Invoke function.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_independence">Language independence</h3></div>

<p>.NET Framework introduces a <a href="Common_Type_System" title="Common Type System">Common Type System</a> (CTS) that defines all possible <a href="Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> and <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming</a> constructs supported by CLR and how they may or may not interact conforming to CLI specifications. Because of this feature, .NET Framework supports the exchange of types and object instances between libraries and applications written using <a href="List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">any conforming CLI language</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_safety">Type safety</h3></div>

<p>CTS and the CLR used in .NET Framework also enforce <a href="Type_safety" title="Type safety">type safety</a>. This prevents ill-defined casts, wrong method invocations, and memory size issues when accessing an object. This also makes most CLI languages <a href="Type_system" title="Type system">statically typed</a> (with or without <a href="Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a>). However, starting with .NET Framework 4.0, the <a href="Dynamic_Language_Runtime" title="Dynamic Language Runtime">Dynamic Language Runtime</a> extended the CLR, allowing dynamically typed languages to be implemented atop the CLI.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portability">Portability</h3></div>

<p>While Microsoft has never implemented the full framework on any system except Microsoft Windows, it has engineered the framework to be cross-platform,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and implementations are available for other operating systems (see <a href="Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a> and <a href="#Alternative_implementations">§ Alternative implementations</a>). Microsoft submitted the specifications for CLI (which includes the Base Class Libraries, CTS, and CIL),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ecma-334_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecma-334-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and C++/CLI<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to both <a href="Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a> (ECMA) and <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO), making them available as official standards. This makes it possible for third parties to create compatible implementations of the framework and its languages on other platforms.

</p><p>Core cross-platform .NET (formerly .NET Core) is officially available also for many Linux distributions and macOS.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div>

<p>.NET Framework has its own security mechanism with two general features: <a href="Code_Access_Security" title="Code Access Security">Code Access Security</a> (CAS), and validation and verification. CAS is based on evidence that is associated with a specific assembly. Typically, the evidence is the source of the assembly (whether it is installed on the local machine or has been downloaded from the Internet). CAS uses evidence to determine the permissions granted to the code. When calling code demands that it be granted a specific permission, CLR performs a call stack walk checking every assembly of each method in the call stack for the required permission; if any assembly is not granted the permission, it will throw a security exception.

</p><p><a href="Managed_code" title="Managed code">Managed</a> <a href="Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">CIL</a> bytecode is easier to <a href="Reverse_engineering#Reverse_engineering_of_software" title="Reverse engineering">reverse-engineer</a> than native code, unless <a href="Obfuscated_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Obfuscated code">obfuscated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> .NET <a href="Decompiler" title="Decompiler">decompiler</a> programs enable developers with no reverse-engineering skills to view the source code behind unobfuscated .NET assemblies. In contrast, apps compiled from native machine code are much harder to reverse-engineer, and source code is almost never produced successfully, mainly because of compiler optimizations and lack of <a href="Reflection_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection (computer programming)">reflection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This creates concerns in the business community over the possible loss of <a href="Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a> and the bypassing of license control mechanisms. To mitigate this, Microsoft has included <a href="Dotfuscator" title="Dotfuscator">Dotfuscator</a> Community Edition with <a href="Visual_Studio_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Studio .NET">Visual Studio .NET</a> since 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third-party obfuscation tools are also available from vendors such as <a href="VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a>, V.i. Labs, <a href="Turbo_(software)" title="Turbo (software)">Turbo</a>, and <a href="Red_Gate_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Gate Software">Red Gate Software</a>. Method-level encryption tools for .NET code are available from vendors such as <a href="SafeNet" title="SafeNet">SafeNet</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_management">Memory management</h3></div>

<p>CLR frees the developer from the burden of managing memory (allocating and freeing up when done); it handles memory management itself by detecting when memory can be safely freed. Instantiations of .NET types (objects) are allocated from the managed heap; a pool of memory managed by CLR. As long as a reference to an object exists, which may be either direct, or via a <a href="Graph_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graph (data structure)">graph</a> of objects, the object is considered to be in use. When no reference to an object exists, and it cannot be reached or used, it becomes garbage, eligible for collection.

</p><p>.NET Framework includes a <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collector</a> (GC) which runs periodically, on a separate <a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">thread</a> from the application's thread, that enumerates all the unusable objects and reclaims the memory allocated to them. It is a non-deterministic, compacting, <a href="Tracing_garbage_collection#Naïve_mark-and-sweep" title="Tracing garbage collection">mark-and-sweep</a> garbage collector. GC runs only when a set amount of memory has been used or there is enough pressure for memory on the system. Since it is not guaranteed when the conditions to reclaim memory are reached, GC runs are <a href="Nondeterministic_algorithm" title="Nondeterministic algorithm">non-deterministic</a>. Each .NET application has a set of roots, which are pointers to objects on the managed heap (<i>managed objects</i>). These include references to static objects, objects defined as local variables or method parameters currently in scope, and objects referred to by CPU registers.<sup id="cite_ref-part1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-part1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When GC runs, it pauses the application and then, for each object referred to in the root, it <a href="Recursion" title="Recursion">recursively</a> enumerates all the objects reachable from the root objects and marks them as reachable. It uses CLI metadata and <a href="Reflection_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection (computer programming)">reflection</a> to discover the objects encapsulated by an object, and then recursively walk them. It then enumerates all the objects on the heap (which were initially allocated contiguously) using reflection. All objects not marked as reachable are garbage.<sup id="cite_ref-part1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-part1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the <i>mark</i> phase.<sup id="cite_ref-gcnet_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gcnet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the memory held by garbage is of no consequence, it is considered free space. However, this leaves chunks of free space between objects which were initially contiguous. The objects are then <i>compacted</i> together to make free space on the managed heap contiguous again.<sup id="cite_ref-part1_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-part1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gcnet_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gcnet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any reference to an object invalidated by moving the object is updated by GC to reflect the new location.<sup id="cite_ref-gcnet_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gcnet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application is resumed after garbage collection ends. The latest version of .NET framework uses concurrent garbage collection along with user code, making pauses unnoticeable, because it is done in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The garbage collector used by .NET Framework is also <i><a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)#Generational" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">generational</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PART2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PART2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objects are assigned a <i>generation</i>. Newly created objects are tagged <i>Generation 0</i>. Objects that survive one garbage collection are tagged <i>Generation 1</i>. Generation 1 objects that survive another collection are <i>Generation 2</i>. The framework uses up to Generation 2 objects.<sup id="cite_ref-PART2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PART2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher generation objects are garbage collected less often than lower generation objects. This raises the efficiency of garbage collection, as older objects tend to have longer lifetimes than newer objects.<sup id="cite_ref-PART2_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PART2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By ignoring older objects in most collection runs, fewer checks and compaction operations are needed in total.<sup id="cite_ref-PART2_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PART2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3></div>

<p>When an application is first launched, the .NET Framework compiles the <a href="Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">CIL code</a> into executable code using its <a href="Just-in-time_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-in-time compiler">just-in-time compiler</a>, and caches the executable program into the .NET Native Image Cache.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cache_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cache-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to caching, the application launches faster for subsequent launches, although the first launch is usually slower. To speed up the first launch, developers may use the <a href="Native_Image_Generator" title="Native Image Generator">Native Image Generator</a> utility to manually <a href="Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">ahead-of-time compile</a> and cache any .NET application.<sup id="cite_ref-cache_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cache-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The garbage collector, which is integrated into the environment, can introduce unanticipated delays of execution over which the developer has little direct control. "In large applications, the number of objects that the garbage collector needs to work with can become very large, which means it can take a very long time to visit and rearrange all of them."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>.NET Framework provides support for calling <a href="Streaming_SIMD_Extensions" title="Streaming SIMD Extensions">Streaming SIMD Extensions</a> (SSE) via <a href="Managed_code" title="Managed code">managed code</a> from April 2014 in Visual Studio 2013 Update 2. However, <a href="Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a> has provided support for <a href="SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">SIMD</a> Extensions as of version 2.2 within the Mono.Simd namespace in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Release_Notes_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Release_Notes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mono's lead developer <a href="Miguel_de_Icaza" title="Miguel de Icaza">Miguel de Icaza</a> has expressed hope that this SIMD support will be adopted by CLR's ECMA standard.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Streaming SIMD Extensions have been available in <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> CPUs since the introduction of the <a href="Pentium_III" title="Pentium III">Pentium III</a>. Some other architectures such as <a href="ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> and <a href="MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a> also have SIMD extensions. In case the CPU lacks support for those extensions, the instructions are simulated in software.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_implementations">Alternative implementations</h2></div>

<p>.NET Framework was the predominant implementation of CLI, until the release of <a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a>. Other implementations for parts of the framework exist. Although the runtime engine is described by an ECMA-ISO specification, other implementations of it may be encumbered by <a href="Software_patent" title="Software patent">patent</a> issues; ISO standards may include the disclaimer, "Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is harder to develop alternatives to FCL, which is not described by an open standard and may be subject to copyright restrictions. Also, parts of FCL have Windows-specific functions and behavior, so implementation on non-Windows platforms can be problematic.

</p><p>Some alternative implementations of parts of the framework are listed here.

</p>

<ul><li><a href=".NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a> is a .NET platform for extremely resource-constrained devices. It includes a small version of CLR and supports development in <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> (though some developers were able to use <a href="VB.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="VB.NET">VB.NET</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit with an amount of hacking, and with limited functionalities) and debugging (in an emulator or on hardware), both using <a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a>. It also features a subset of .NET Framework Class Library (about 70 classes with about 420 methods), a <a href="GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> framework loosely based on WPF, and additional libraries specific to embedded applications.</li>

<li><a href="Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a> is an implementation of CLI and FCL, and provides added functions. It is licensed as <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> under the <a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>. It includes support for ASP.NET, ADO.NET, and Windows Forms libraries for a wide range of architectures and operating systems. It also includes C# and VB.NET compilers.</li>

<li><a href="Portable.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable.NET">Portable.NET</a> (part of <a href="DotGNU" title="DotGNU">DotGNU</a>) provides an implementation of CLI, parts of FCL, and a C# compiler. It supports a variety of CPUs and operating systems. The project was discontinued, with the last stable release in 2009.</li>

<li>Microsoft <a href="Shared_Source_Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure">Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure</a> is a <a href="Shared_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared source">non-free</a> implementation of CLR. However, the last version runs on Windows XP SP2 only, and has not been updated since 2006. Thus, it does not contain all features of version 2.0 of .NET Framework.</li>

<li>CrossNet<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an implementation of CLI and parts of FCL. It is free software using an open source <a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2></div>

<p>Microsoft managed code frameworks and their components are licensed as follows:

</p>

<th scope="col">Component

</th>

<th scope="col">License

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">.NET Framework (redistributable package)

</th>

<td><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Reference <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> of .NET Framework 4.5 and earlier

</th>

<td><a href="Microsoft_Reference_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Reference License">Microsoft Reference License</a> (Ms-RSL<sup id="cite_ref-Ms-RSL-dab_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ms-RSL-dab-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-sourcerelease_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcerelease-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Reference source code of .NET Framework 4.6

</th>

<td><a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>MIT License<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> (formerly .NET Core)<br><small>CoreFX, CoreCLR and CLI</small>

</th>

<td>MIT License<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href=".NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href=".NET_Compiler_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET Compiler Platform">.NET Compiler Platform</a> (codename "Roslyn")

</th>

<td>MIT License<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">ASP.NET MVC</a>, Web API and Web Pages (<a href="ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">Razor</a>)

</th>

<td>Apache License 2.0<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Apache License 2.0<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">ASP.NET Ajax Control Toolkit

</th>

<td><a href="BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD License</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="ASP.NET_SignalR" class="mw-redirect" title="ASP.NET SignalR">ASP.NET SignalR</a>

</th>

<td>Apache License 2.0<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a>

</th>

<td>Apache License 2.0<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a>

</th>

<td>Apache License 2.0<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Foundation_Class_Library" title="Microsoft Foundation Class Library">Microsoft Foundation Class Library</a> (MFC), an object-oriented abstraction used to ease Windows-based application programming prior to .NET Framework</li>

<li><a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> (formerly .NET Core)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">List of CLI languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_Libraries_(CLI)" title="Standard Libraries (CLI)">Standard Libraries (CLI)</a>, the .NET standard libraries</li>

<li><a href="Base_Class_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Base Class Library">Base Class Library</a> (BCL)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Ms-RSL-dab-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ms-RSL-dab_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ms-RSL-dab_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The license was formerly abbreviated Ms-RL, but Ms-RL now refers to the <a href="Microsoft_Reciprocal_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Reciprocal License">Microsoft Reciprocal License</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dotfuscator Community Edition 4.0</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/.NET_Development_Foundation" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:.NET Development Foundation">.NET Development Foundation</a></b></i></div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_.NET" class="extiw external" title="v:Introduction to .NET">Introduction to .NET</a></b></i></div></div>

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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com/en-us/">Official website</a></span></span></li>

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</style><div id=".NET630" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_.NET_strategy" title="Microsoft .NET strategy">.NET strategy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_.NET_libraries_and_frameworks" title="List of .NET libraries and frameworks">Libraries and frameworks</a></li></ul>

<li>

<ul><li><a href=".NET_Framework_version_history" title=".NET Framework version history">Version history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Compact_Framework" title=".NET Compact Framework">.NET Compact Framework</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="DotGNU" title="DotGNU">DotGNU</a></li>

<li><a href="XNA_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="XNA Framework">XNA Framework</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a> (CLR)</li>

<li><a href="COM_Interop" title="COM Interop">COM Interop</a></li>

<li><a href="Framework_Class_Library" title="Framework Class Library">Framework Class Library</a> (FCL)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_component" title="Software component">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">Web Forms</a></li>

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Dynamic_Data" title="ASP.NET Dynamic Data">Dynamic Data</a></li>

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">Razor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Avalonia_(software_framework)" title="Avalonia (software framework)">Avalonia</a></li>

<li><a href="ClickOnce" title="ClickOnce">ClickOnce</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_Language_Runtime" title="Dynamic Language Runtime">Dynamic Language Runtime</a></li>

<li><a href="Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language">Extensible Application Markup Language</a> (XAML)</li>

<li><a href="Language_Integrated_Query" title="Language Integrated Query">Language Integrated Query</a> (LINQ)</li>

<li><a href="Managed_Extensibility_Framework" title="Managed Extensibility Framework">Managed Extensibility Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Microsoft Silverlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_XNA" title="Microsoft XNA">Microsoft XNA</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_Extensions" title="Parallel Extensions">Parallel Extensions</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a> (WCF)

<ul><li><a href="WCF_Data_Services" title="WCF Data Services">WCF Data Services</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a> (WinForms)</li>

<li><a href="Windows_Identity_Foundation" title="Windows Identity Foundation">Windows Identity Foundation</a> (WIF)</li>

<li><a href="Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a> (WPF)</li>

<li><a href="Windows_Workflow_Foundation" title="Windows Workflow Foundation">Windows Workflow Foundation</a> (WF)</li>

<li><a href=".NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">.NET Remoting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Decompiler" title="Decompiler">Decompilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href=".NET_Reflector" title=".NET Reflector">.NET Reflector</a></li>

<li><a href="JetBrains" title="JetBrains">dotPeek</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Obfuscation_(software)" title="Obfuscation (software)">Obfuscators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dotfuscator" title="Dotfuscator">Dotfuscator</a></li>

<li><a href="Redgate" title="Redgate">SmartAssembly</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li>

<li><a href="ILAsm" title="ILAsm">ILAsm</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Compiler_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET Compiler Platform">.NET Compiler Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_Image_Generator" title="Native Image Generator">Native Image Generator</a> (NGen)</li>

<li><a href="XAMLPad" class="mw-redirect" title="XAMLPad">XAMLPad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Blend" title="Microsoft Blend">Blend</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Express</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li>

<li><a href="SharpDevelop" title="SharpDevelop">SharpDevelop</a></li>

<li><a href="Xamarin_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Xamarin Studio">Xamarin Studio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href=".NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li>

<li><a href="Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_Language_Infrastructure106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_Language_Infrastructure106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Application_domain" title="Application domain">Application domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_Access_Security" title="Code Access Security">Code Access Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">Common Intermediate Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_CIL_instructions" title="List of CIL instructions">instructions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Common_Type_System" title="Common Type System">Common Type System</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform_Invocation_Services" title="Platform Invocation Services">Platform Invocation Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_Execution_System" title="Virtual Execution System">Virtual Execution System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assembly_(CLI)" title="Assembly (CLI)">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Delegate_(CLI)" title="Delegate (CLI)">Delegate</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Assembly_Cache" title="Global Assembly Cache">Global Assembly Cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Manifest_(CLI)" title="Manifest (CLI)">Manifest</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadata_(CLI)" title="Metadata (CLI)">Metadata</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_Libraries_(CLI)" title="Standard Libraries (CLI)">Standard Libraries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microsoft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href=".NET_Compact_Framework" title=".NET Compact Framework">.NET Compact Framework</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="DotGNU" title="DotGNU">DotGNU</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">Visual Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a></li>

<li><a href="IronScheme" title="IronScheme">IronScheme</a></li>

<li><a href="IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li>

<li><a href="IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li>

<li><a href="JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a></li>

<li><a href="Nemerle" title="Nemerle">Nemerle</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li>

<li><a href="Phalanger_(compiler)" title="Phalanger (compiler)">Phalanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Visual Basic .NET">C# and Visual Basic .NET</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Visual_Basic_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_APIs_and_frameworks486" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Microsoft_APIs_and_frameworks486" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Microsoft_Windows_application_programming_interfaces_and_frameworks" title="List of Microsoft Windows application programming interfaces and frameworks">Microsoft APIs and frameworks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Graphics and UI</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct2D" title="Direct2D">Direct2D</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a></li>

<li><a href="D3DX" title="D3DX">D3D (extensions)</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">WinUI</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Color_System" title="Windows Color System">Windows Color System</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Image_Acquisition" title="Windows Image Acquisition">Windows Image Acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Imaging_Component" title="Windows Imaging Component">Windows Imaging Component</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectX_Graphics_Infrastructure" title="DirectX Graphics Infrastructure">DirectX Graphics Infrastructure (DXGI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Advanced_Rasterization_Platform" title="Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform">Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DirectMusic" title="DirectMusic">DirectMusic</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectSound" title="DirectSound">DirectSound</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Speech_API" title="Microsoft Speech API">Speech API</a></li>

<li><a href="XAudio2" title="XAudio2">XAudio2</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a>

<ul><li><a href="DirectX_Media_Objects" class="mw-redirect" title="DirectX Media Objects">Media Objects</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectX_Video_Acceleration" title="DirectX Video Acceleration">Video Acceleration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xinput" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinput">Xinput</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectInput" title="DirectInput">DirectInput</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectShow" title="DirectShow">DirectShow</a></li>

<li><a href="Managed_DirectX" title="Managed DirectX">Managed DirectX</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_Foundation" title="Media Foundation">Media Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Media" title="Windows Media">Windows Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Web</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a></li>

<li><a href="JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li>

<li><a href="VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Gadgets" title="Microsoft Gadgets">SideBar Gadgets</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Data access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Data_Access_Components" title="Microsoft Data Access Components">Data Access Components (MDAC)</a>

<li><a href="Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Sync_Framework" title="Microsoft Sync Framework">Sync Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Access_Database_Engine" title="Access Database Engine">Access Database Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Winsock" title="Winsock">Winsock</a>

<li><a href="Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#Winsock_Kernel" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">Winsock Kernel</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Filtering_Platform" title="Windows Filtering Platform">Filtering Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Rally" title="Windows Rally">Windows Rally</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectPlay" title="DirectPlay">DirectPlay</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MAPI" title="MAPI">Messaging API</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephony_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Telephony Application Programming Interface">Telephony API</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Administration and<br>management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Win32_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32 console">Win32 console</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI (extensions)</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Vista_I/O_technologies#Offline_Files" title="Windows Vista I/O technologies">Offline Files</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_Viewer#Windows_Event_Log" title="Event Viewer">Event Log</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">Common Log File System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">Distributed Component Object Model</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Framework_Class_Library" title="Framework Class Library">Framework Class Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Foundation_Class_Library" title="Microsoft Foundation Class Library">Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Active_Template_Library" title="Active Template Library">Active Template Library (ATL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library (WTL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_CryptoAPI" title="Microsoft CryptoAPI">Crypto API</a>

<ul><li><a href="CAPICOM" title="CAPICOM">CAPICOM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">Windows CardSpace</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_Protection_API" title="Data Protection API">Data Protection API</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href=".NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="Software_Factory_(Microsoft_.NET)" class="mw-redirect" title="Software Factory (Microsoft .NET)">Software factories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Enterprise Library</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_RPC" title="Microsoft RPC">MSRPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_Data_Exchange" title="Dynamic Data Exchange">Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Accessibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">Active Accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_UI_Automation" title="Microsoft UI Automation">UI Automation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Text and multilingual<br>support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DirectWrite" title="DirectWrite">DirectWrite</a></li>

<li><a href="Text_Services_Framework" title="Text Services Framework">Text Services Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Text_Object_Model" title="Text Object Model">Text Object Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Input_method" title="Input method">Input method editor</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_Interface_Pack" title="Language Interface Pack">Language Interface Pack</a></li>

<li><a href="Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniscribe" title="Uniscribe">Uniscribe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software (FOSS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Microsoft and open source</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3D_Movie_Maker" title="3D Movie Maker">3D Movie Maker</a></li>

<li><a href="Conference_XP" title="Conference XP">Conference XP</a></li>

<li><a href="Family.Show" title="Family.Show">Family.Show</a></li>

<li><a href="File_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="File Manager (Windows)">File Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Live_Writer" title="Open Live Writer">Open Live Writer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Edit">Microsoft Edit</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Windows Calculator</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Windows Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="WorldWide_Telescope" title="WorldWide Telescope">WorldWide Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Notepad" title="XML Notepad">XML Notepad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allegiance_(video_game)" title="Allegiance (video game)">Allegiance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming<br>languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li>

<li><a href="Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li>

<li><a href="GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li>

<li><a href="IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic Online</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks,<br>development tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href=".NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">.NET Gadgeteer</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="AirSim" title="AirSim">AirSim</a></li>

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">ASP.NET Razor</a></li>

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">ASP.NET Web Forms</a></li>

<li><a href="Avalonia_(software_framework)" title="Avalonia (software framework)">Avalonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Babylon.js" title="Babylon.js">Babylon.js</a></li>

<li><a href="BitFunnel" title="BitFunnel">BitFunnel</a></li>

<li><a href="Blazor" title="Blazor">Blazor</a></li>

<li><a href="C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakra_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JavaScript engine)">ChakraCore</a></li>

<li><a href="CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li>

<li><a href="DeepSpeed" title="DeepSpeed">DeepSpeed</a></li>

<li><a href="DiskSpd" title="DiskSpd">DiskSpd</a></li>

<li><a href="Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_Language_Runtime" title="Dynamic Language Runtime">Dynamic Language Runtime</a></li>

<li><a href="EBPF_on_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPF on Windows">eBPF on Windows</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron_(software_framework)" title="Electron (software framework)">Electron</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluent_Design_System" title="Fluent Design System">Fluent Design System</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_Framework" title="Fluid Framework">Fluid Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Infer.NET" title="Infer.NET">Infer.NET</a></li>

<li><a href="LightGBM" title="LightGBM">LightGBM</a></li>

<li><a href="Managed_Extensibility_Framework" title="Managed Extensibility Framework">Managed Extensibility Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Automatic_Graph_Layout" title="Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout">Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft C++ Standard Library">Microsoft C++ Standard Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Microsoft Design Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Detours" title="Microsoft Detours">Microsoft Detours</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Microsoft Enterprise Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_SEAL" title="Microsoft SEAL">Microsoft SEAL</a></li>

<li><a href="Mimalloc" title="Mimalloc">mimalloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_Reality_Toolkit" title="Mixed Reality Toolkit">Mixed Reality Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li>

<li><a href="MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li>

<li><a href="MsQuic" title="MsQuic">MsQuic</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_Network_Intelligence" title="Neural Network Intelligence">Neural Network Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li>

<li><a href="OneFuzz" title="OneFuzz">OneFuzz</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Management_Infrastructure" title="Open Management Infrastructure">Open Management Infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Neural_Network_Exchange" title="Open Neural Network Exchange">Open Neural Network Exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Service_Mesh" title="Open Service Mesh">Open Service Mesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Orleans_(software_framework)" title="Orleans (software framework)">Orleans</a></li>

<li><a href="Playwright_(software)" title="Playwright (software)">Playwright</a></li>

<li><a href="ProcDump" title="ProcDump">ProcDump</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_Monitor" title="Process Monitor">ProcMon</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="Python Tools for Visual Studio">Python Tools for Visual Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="R_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="R Tools for Visual Studio">R Tools for Visual Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="RecursiveExtractor" class="mw-redirect" title="RecursiveExtractor">RecursiveExtractor</a></li>

<li><a href="Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandcastle_(software)" title="Sandcastle (software)">Sandcastle</a></li>

<li><a href="SignalR" title="SignalR">SignalR</a></li>

<li><a href="StyleCop" title="StyleCop">StyleCop</a></li>

<li><a href="SVNBridge" title="SVNBridge">SVNBridge</a></li>

<li><a href="T2_Temporal_Prover" title="T2 Temporal Prover">T2 Temporal Prover</a></li>

<li><a href="Text_Template_Transformation_Toolkit" title="Text Template Transformation Toolkit">Text Template Transformation Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="TLA%2B_Toolbox" class="mw-redirect" title="TLA+ Toolbox">TLA+ Toolbox</a></li>

<li><a href="U-Prove" title="U-Prove">U-Prove</a></li>

<li><a href="Vcpkg" title="Vcpkg">vcpkg</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_File_System_for_Git" title="Virtual File System for Git">Virtual File System for Git</a></li>

<li><a href="Voldemort_(distributed_data_store)" title="Voldemort (distributed data store)">Voldemort</a></li>

<li><a href="Vowpal_Wabbit" title="Vowpal Wabbit">Vowpal Wabbit</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_App_SDK" title="Windows App SDK">Windows App SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Driver_Frameworks" title="Windows Driver Frameworks">Windows Driver Frameworks</a>

<li><a href="Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">Windows UI Library</a></li>

<li><a href="WinJS" title="WinJS">WinJS</a></li>

<li><a href="WinObjC" class="mw-redirect" title="WinObjC">WinObjC</a></li>

<li><a href="XDP_for_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="XDP for Windows">XDP for Windows</a></li>

<li><a href="XUnit.net" title="XUnit.net">xUnit.net</a></li>

<li><a href="Z3_Theorem_Prover" title="Z3 Theorem Prover">Z3 Theorem Prover</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Barrelfish_(operating_system)" title="Barrelfish (operating system)">Barrelfish</a></li>

<li><a href="SONiC_(operating_system)" title="SONiC (operating system)">SONiC</a></li>

<li><a href="Azure_Linux" title="Azure Linux">Azure Linux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ChronoZoom" title="ChronoZoom">ChronoZoom</a></li>

<li><a href="Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="FlexWiki" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexWiki">FlexWiki</a></li>

<li><a href="FourQ" title="FourQ">FourQ</a></li>

<li><a href="Gollum_(software)" title="Gollum (software)">Gollum</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Mu" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Mu">Project Mu</a></li>

<li><a href="ReactiveX" title="ReactiveX">ReactiveX</a></li>

<li><a href="TLAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TLAPS">TLAPS</a></li>

<li><a href="TPM_2.0_Reference_Implementation" class="mw-redirect" title="TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation">TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation</a></li>

<li><a href="WikiBhasha" title="WikiBhasha">WikiBhasha</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Public_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Public License">Microsoft Public License</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Reciprocal_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Reciprocal License">Microsoft Reciprocal License</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Forge_(software)" title="Forge (software)">Forges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CodePlex" title="CodePlex">CodePlex</a></li>

<li><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href=".NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="F_Sharp_Software_Foundation" title="F Sharp Software Foundation">F# Software Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Letter to Hobbyists">Open Letter to Hobbyists</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Security_Foundation" title="Open Source Security Foundation">Open Source Security Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Outercurve_Foundation" title="Outercurve Foundation">Outercurve Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_Windows_components875" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Microsoft_Windows_components875" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">Microsoft Windows components</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li>Architecture

<li><a href="Booting_process_of_Windows" title="Booting process of Windows">Booting process</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_games_included_with_Windows" title="List of games included with Windows">Games</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management<br>tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="App_Installer" title="App Installer">App Installer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Command Prompt</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_Panel_(Windows)" title="Control Panel (Windows)">Control Panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_Manager" title="Device Manager">Device Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectX_Diagnostic_Tool" title="DirectX Diagnostic Tool">DirectX Diagnostic Tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_Cleanup" title="Disk Cleanup">Disk Cleanup</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Drive_Optimizer" title="Microsoft Drive Optimizer">Drive Optimizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Driver_Verifier" title="Driver Verifier">Driver Verifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">Event Viewer</a></li>

<li><a href="IExpress" title="IExpress">IExpress</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">Management Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Netsh" title="Netsh">Netsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_Monitor" title="Performance Monitor">Performance Monitor</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_Monitor" title="Resource Monitor">Resource Monitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Settings_(Windows)" title="Settings (Windows)">Settings</a></li>

<li><a href="Sysprep" title="Sysprep">Sysprep</a></li>

<li><a href="MSConfig" title="MSConfig">System Configuration</a></li>

<li><a href="System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">System File Checker</a></li>

<li><a href="System_Information_(Windows)" title="System Information (Windows)">System Information</a></li>

<li><a href="System_Policy_Editor" title="System Policy Editor">System Policy Editor</a></li>

<li><a href="System_Restore" title="System Restore">System Restore</a></li>

<li><a href="Task_Manager_(Windows)" title="Task Manager (Windows)">Task Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Windows Error Reporting</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Ink" title="Windows Ink">Windows Ink</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a>

<ul><li><a href="Windows_Insider" title="Windows Insider">Windows Insider</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Preinstallation_Environment#Windows_Recovery_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">WinRE</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Application_software" title="Application software">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_3D_Viewer" title="Microsoft 3D Viewer">3D Viewer</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Calculator</a></li>

<li><a href="Calendar_(Windows)" title="Calendar (Windows)">Calendar</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Camera" title="Windows Camera">Camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_Map_(Windows)" title="Character Map (Windows)">Character Map</a></li>

<li><a href="City_Art_Search" title="City Art Search">City Art Search</a></li>

<li><a href="Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Clock" title="Windows Clock">Clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Intune" title="Microsoft Intune">Company Portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li>

<li><a href="Feedback_Hub" title="Feedback Hub">Feedback Hub</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnifier_(Windows)" title="Magnifier (Windows)">Magnifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Media Player</a>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Messaging" title="Microsoft Messaging">Messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Mobility_Center" title="Windows Mobility Center">Mobility Center</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN#MSN_Money_app" title="MSN">Money</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Movies_%26_TV" title="Microsoft Movies & TV">Movies & TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrator_(Windows)" title="Narrator (Windows)">Narrator</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Notepad" title="Windows Notepad">Notepad</a></li>

<li><a href="OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_OneNote" title="Microsoft OneNote">OneNote</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Paint</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_PC_Manager" title="Microsoft PC Manager">PC Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="People_(Windows)" title="People (Windows)">People</a></li>

<li><a href="Phone_Link" title="Phone Link">Phone Link</a></li>

<li><a href="Photos_(Windows)" title="Photos (Windows)">Photos</a></li>

<li><a href="Quick_Assist" title="Quick Assist">Quick Assist</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_Desktop_Connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Desktop Connection">Remote Desktop Connection</a></li>

<li><a href="Snipping_Tool" title="Snipping Tool">Snipping Tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Speech_Recognition" title="Windows Speech Recognition">Speech Recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Sticky_Notes" title="Sticky Notes">Sticky Notes</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_Recorder_(Windows)" title="Sound Recorder (Windows)">Voice Recorder</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN#MSN_Weather_app" title="MSN">Weather</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Whiteboard" title="Microsoft Whiteboard">Whiteboard</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Remote_Desktop_Protocol_clients#Windows_App" title="List of Remote Desktop Protocol clients">Windows App</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Shell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Action_Center" title="Action Center">Action Center</a></li>

<li><a href="AutoPlay" title="AutoPlay">AutoPlay</a></li>

<li><a href="AutoRun" title="AutoRun">AutoRun</a></li>

<li><a href="ClearType" title="ClearType">ClearType</a></li>

<li><a href="File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Search</a>

<ul><li><a href="IFilter" title="IFilter">IFilter</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexing_Service" title="Indexing Service">Indexing Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Shell_namespace" title="Windows Shell namespace">Namespace</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_folder#Windows" title="Virtual folder">Saved search</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_folder" title="Special folder">Special folder</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a></li>

<li><a href="Taskbar" title="Taskbar">Taskbar</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Spotlight" title="Windows Spotlight">Windows Spotlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_XP_visual_styles" title="Windows XP visual styles">Windows XP visual styles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Windows_service" title="Windows service">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia_Class_Scheduler_Service" title="Multimedia Class Scheduler Service">Multimedia Class Scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_Control_Manager" title="Service Control Manager">Service Control Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_Zero_Configuration" title="Wireless Zero Configuration">Wireless Zero Configuration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li>

<li><a href="NTFS_links" title="NTFS links">links</a></li>

<li><a href="NTFS_volume_mount_point" title="NTFS volume mount point">Mount Point</a></li>

<li><a href="NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">Reparse point</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a></li>

<li><a href="Active_Directory_Rights_Management_Services" title="Active Directory Rights Management Services">Active DRM Services</a></li>

<li><a href="File_Replication_Service" title="File Replication Service">DFS Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Distributed_Transaction_Coordinator" title="Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator">Distributed Transaction Coordinator</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">Domains</a></li>

<li><a href="Folder_redirection" title="Folder redirection">Folder redirection</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_Access_Protection" title="Network Access Protection">Network Access Protection</a></li>

<li>Print Services for UNIX</li>

<li><a href="Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_Differential_Compression" title="Remote Differential Compression">Remote Differential Compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_Installation_Services" title="Remote Installation Services">Remote Installation Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Roaming_user_profile" title="Roaming user profile">Roaming user profiles</a></li>

<li><a href="Server_Core" title="Server Core">Server Core</a></li>

<li><a href="SharePoint" title="SharePoint">SharePoint</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_System_Resource_Manager" title="Windows System Resource Manager">System Resource Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Deployment_Services" title="Windows Deployment Services">Windows Deployment Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Media_Services" title="Windows Media Services">Windows Media Services</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Boot Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Client/Server_Runtime_Subsystem" title="Client/Server Runtime Subsystem">CSRSS</a></li>

<li><a href="Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Enhanced_Write_Filter" title="Enhanced Write Filter">Enhanced Write Filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">Graphics Device Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Windows_library_files#Hardware_Abstraction_Layer" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Hardware Abstraction Layer</a></li>

<li><a href="I/O_request_packet" title="I/O request packet">I/O request packet</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">Imaging Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_Transaction_Manager" title="Kernel Transaction Manager">Kernel Transaction Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Windows_library_files" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Library files</a></li>

<li><a href="Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_Security_Authority_Subsystem_Service" title="Local Security Authority Subsystem Service">LSASS</a></li>

<li><a href="MinWin" title="MinWin">MinWin</a></li>

<li><a href="NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></li>

<li><a href="Ntoskrnl.exe" title="Ntoskrnl.exe">Ntoskrnl.exe</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_Manager" title="Object Manager">Object Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">Open XML Paper Specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">Portable Executable</a>

<li><a href="Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Registry</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Resource_Protection" title="Windows Resource Protection">Resource Protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_Account_Manager" title="Security Account Manager">Security Account Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">Server Message Block</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li>

<li><a href="System_Idle_Process" title="System Idle Process">System Idle Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Winlogon" title="Winlogon">Winlogon</a></li>

<li><a href="WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Security_and_Maintenance" title="Security and Maintenance">Security and Maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="AppLocker" title="AppLocker">AppLocker</a></li>

<li><a href="BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a></li>

<li><a href="Credential_Guard" title="Credential Guard">Credential Guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_Execution_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Execution Prevention">Data Execution Prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">Defender</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_family_features" title="Microsoft family features">Family features</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_Patch_Protection" title="Kernel Patch Protection">Kernel Patch Protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandatory_Integrity_Control" title="Mandatory Integrity Control">Mandatory Integrity Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Protected_Media_Path" title="Protected Media Path">Protected Media Path</a></li>

<li><a href="User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a></li>

<li><a href="User_Interface_Privilege_Isolation" title="User Interface Privilege Isolation">User Interface Privilege Isolation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Firewall" title="Windows Firewall">Windows Firewall</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compatibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_Scripting" title="Active Scripting">Active Scripting</a>

<ul><li><a href="JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li>

<li><a href="VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li>

<li><a href="ActiveX_Document" title="ActiveX Document">ActiveX Document</a></li>

<li><a href="COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">COM Structured storage</a></li>

<li><a href="OLE_Automation" title="OLE Automation">OLE Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Transaction_Server" title="Microsoft Transaction Server">Transaction Server</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Native_API" title="Windows Native API">Native</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_API" title="Windows API">WinAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a></li>

<li><a href="WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Video_game" title="Video game">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Microsoft_Solitaire_Collection" title="Microsoft Solitaire Collection">Solitaire Collection</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Full_Tilt!_Pinball#3D_Pinball_for_Windows_–_Space_Cadet" title="Full Tilt! Pinball">3D Pinball</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chess_Titans" title="Chess Titans">Chess Titans</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_FreeCell" title="Microsoft FreeCell">FreeCell</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Hearts" title="Microsoft Hearts">Hearts</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="InkBall" title="InkBall">InkBall</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Purble_Place" title="Purble Place">Purble Place</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Solitaire">Solitaire</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Spider_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Spider Solitaire">Spider Solitaire</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Tinker" title="Microsoft Tinker">Tinker</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ActiveMovie" title="ActiveMovie">ActiveMovie</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Address_Book" title="Windows Address Book">Address Book</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Anytime_Upgrade" title="Windows Anytime Upgrade">Anytime Upgrade</a></li>

<li><a href="Backup_and_Restore" title="Backup and Restore">Backup and Restore</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardfile" title="Cardfile">Cardfile</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">CardSpace</a></li>

<li><a href="CD_Player_(Windows)" title="CD Player (Windows)">CD Player</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Contacts" title="Windows Contacts">Contacts</a></li>

<li><a href="Cortana_(virtual_assistant)" title="Cortana (virtual assistant)">Cortana</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Desktop_Gadgets" title="Windows Desktop Gadgets">Desktop Gadgets</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Diagnostics" title="Microsoft Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li>

<li><a href="DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_DVD_Maker" title="Windows DVD Maker">DVD Maker</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Easy_Transfer" title="Windows Easy Transfer">Easy Transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN_Food_%26_Drink" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Food & Drink">Food & Drink</a></li>

<li><a href="Groove_Music" title="Groove Music">Groove Music</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN_Health_%26_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Health & Fitness">Health & Fitness</a></li>

<li><a href="Help_and_Support_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Help and Support Center">Help and Support Center</a></li>

<li><a href="HyperACCESS" title="HyperACCESS">HyperTerminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Imaging_for_Windows" title="Imaging for Windows">Imaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Journal" title="Windows Journal">Journal</a></li>

<li><a href="Make_Compatible" title="Make Compatible">Make Compatible</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Media Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Meeting_Space" title="Windows Meeting Space">Meeting Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Messenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Mobile_Device_Center" title="Windows Mobile Device Center">Mobile Device Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Movie_Maker" title="Windows Movie Maker">Movie Maker</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a></li>

<li><a href="NTBackup" title="NTBackup">NTBackup</a></li>

<li><a href="Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint_3D" title="Paint 3D">Paint 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Phone_Companion" title="Phone Companion">Phone Companion</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Photo_Gallery" title="Windows Photo Gallery">Photo Gallery</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Photo_Viewer" title="Windows Photo Viewer">Photo Viewer</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_Manager" title="Program Manager">Program Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN#Discontinued_apps" title="MSN">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_Steps_Recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem Steps Recorder">Steps Recorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Syskey" title="Syskey">Syskey</a></li>

<li><a href="Travel_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel (Windows)">Travel</a></li>

<li><a href="WinHelp" title="WinHelp">WinHelp</a></li>

<li><a href="WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Write" title="Microsoft Write">Write</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Desktop_Cleanup_Wizard" title="Desktop Cleanup Wizard">Desktop Cleanup Wizard</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_File_Protection" title="Windows File Protection">File Protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Games_for_Windows" title="Games for Windows">Games for Windows</a></li>

<li><a href="Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_Control_Interface" title="Media Control Interface">Media Control Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Next-Generation_Secure_Computing_Base" title="Next-Generation Secure Computing Base">Next-Generation Secure Computing Base</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">POSIX subsystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">ScanDisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_on_Windows" title="Windows on Windows">Windows on Windows</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_SideShow" title="Windows SideShow">Windows SideShow</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">Windows System Assessment Tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_To_Go" title="Windows To Go">Windows To Go</a></li>

<li><a href="WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spun off to<br><a href="Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DVD_Player_(Windows)" title="DVD Player (Windows)">DVD Player</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_File_Manager" title="Windows File Manager">File Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Hover!" title="Hover!">Hover!</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Mahjong" title="Microsoft Mahjong">Mahjong</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Minesweeper" title="Microsoft Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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